Analysis on the trends of incidence and age change for global female breast cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To analyze the trends of incidence and age change for global female breast cancer in different regions of the world according to the database from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Time Trends (CI5plus) published by the International Association of Cancer Registries (IACR). Methods: The recorded annual female breast cancer (ICD-10: C50) incidence data and corresponding population at-risk data (1998-2012) were extracted from CI5plus published by IACR. The annual change percentage and average annual change percentage (AAPC) were calculated to examine the trends of incidence. The age-standardized mean age at diagnosis and proportion of incidence cases by age were calculated to analyze the relationship between incidence and age. Results: For crude incidence, except in Northern America, all other regions showed an upward trend, with Asia showing the most obvious upward trend (AAPC: 4.1%, 95% CI: 3.9%, 4.3%). For age-standardized incidence, in Asia, Latin America and Europe, the rising trends had slowed down, in Oceania and Africa, the trends began to be stable, and in Northern America, the trend showed a downward trend (APPC: -0.6%; 95% CI: -1.0%, -0.1%). The mean age at diagnosis were increased from 1998 to 2012 in Asia, Latin America, Oceania and Europe, with an annual increase of 0.12 years, 0.09 years, 0.04 years and 0.03 years, respectively. But after age-standardized, only Europe still kept increasing year by year, with an annual increase of 0.02 years, while Northern America showed a decreasing trend, with an annual decrease of about 0.03 years. Conclusions: From 1998 to 2012, the trends of incidence and age change for global female breast cancer vary in different regions of the world, and the global population aging is widespread, which affects the trend of the actual age change. Prevention and control strategies should be targeted at different age groups in different regions.

Research on the average age of onset of endometrial cancer based on data mining / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To explore the average age at onset of endometrial cancer (EC) and the differences between domestic and international factors.Methods:Pubmed, Wanfang Database, VIP Information Resource System, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were selected to extract clinical research data related to EC. Through data mining methods such as frequency analysis and cluster analysis, we compared the differences in the average age of onset of EC between domestic and foreign countries.Results:A total of 280 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected, and frequency analysis found that the average age of onset of EC in the Chinese population was mostly concentrated under 57 years old, while in European and American countries, it was mainly concentrated above 57 years old. Through cluster analysis, it was found that the average age of onset in China was clustered in one category with most Asian countries, while European and American countries and Australian countries were clustered in another category. Through analysis of domestic and foreign articles, it was found that the average age of onset of EC did not show a significant upward or downward trend with years.Conclusions:There are differences in the average onset age of EC among different countries and regions. The onset age of EC in Asian populations is significantly earlier than that in European and American populations. The average onset age of EC in Chinese populations is 54 years old, and there is no trend towards a younger onset of EC.

Focus on genetic modifiers of polyglutamine diseases / 中华神经科杂志

Polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases, due to an expanded CAG repeat in a coding region of the respective genes leading to neurodegenerative phenotypes by selective neuronal loss. Overall, only part of variance (50%-70%) in age at onset is explained by (CAG)n length, suggesting genetic modifying factors independent of (CAG)n size may contribute to clinical heterogeneity. Here, the research history of genetic modifiers in polyQ diseases is reviewed, and the major findings and current research status are discussed.

Analysis of clinical manifestations at different age of onset in systemic sclerosis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients at different age of onset.Methods:Data of SSc patients with onset age ≥18 years old who were registered in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Rheumatism Data Center from August 2008 to June 2020 were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups by the age of onset according to the age segmentation of the World Health Organization. Counting variables were presented as frequency (percentage). Quantitative results were presented as mean±standard deviation, or median, inter quartile range. Differences between groups were analyzed by analysis of variance, the Mann-Whitney test or the chi-square test, depen-ding on the distribution of the variables.Results:Six hundred and eighty-two SSc patients were included. Accor-ding to the age of onset, they were divided into three groups: youth group (18-44 years old), middle-aged group (45-59 years old) and elderly group (over 60 years old). There were 361 patients in the youth group,245 patients in the middle age group and 76 patients in the elderly group. The mean age of onset was (43.8±12.1) years. The variables with significant different among the groups were as the following: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction [14.0%(14/100), 38.8%(39/98), 65.4%(17/26); χ2=30.756, P<0.001]; cardiac arrhythmias [1.9% (7/361), 3.7% (9/361), 7.9% (6/76), χ2=7.38, P=0.024), Raynaud's phenomenon [94.7% (342/361), 89.4%(219/245), 89.5%(68/76), χ2=6.73, P=0.035], loss of finger pad substance [36.9%(133/360), 25.4% (62/244), 18.4% (14/76), χ2=15.184, P=0.001]; digital ulcer [31.0% (112/361), 23.0% (56/244), 15.8% (12/76), χ2=9.86, P=0.007]; arthritis [16.3%(59/361), 13.5%(33/245), 5.3%(4/76), χ2=6.49, P=0.039], digital contracture [11.6%(42/361), 5.7%(14/245), 9.2%(7/76), χ2=6.10, P=0.047]; positive anti-RNP antibody [32.3% (116/359), 20.7% (50/241), 17.3% (13/75), χ2=14.06, P=0.001]; and positive anti-centromere antibody [8.9% (32/351), 18.4%(45/239), 23.7%(18/76), χ2=17.78, P<0.001] were significantly different between the young age group and elder group. Conclusion:The predominant age of disease onset of SSc is middle and young age. Elder onset SSc patients are more likely to have left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and young onset patients are more likely to have microvascular lesions, which needs more attentions by clinicians.

Clinical characteristics of 272 437 patients with different histopathological subtypes of primary esophageal malignant tumors / 中华内科杂志

Objective:To characterize the histopathological subtypes and their clinicopathological parameters of gender and onset age by common, rare and sparse primary esophageal malignant tumors (PEMT).Methods:A total of 272 437 patients with PEMT were enrolled in this study, and all of the patients were received radical surgery. The clinicopathological information of the patients was obtained from the database established by the State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment from September 1973 to December 2020, which included the clinical treatment, pathological diagnosis and follow-up information of esophagus and gastric cardia cancers. All patients were diagnosed and classified by the criteria of esophageal tumor histopathological diagnosis and classification (2019) of the World Health Organization (WHO). The esophageal tumors, which were not included in the WHO classification, were analyzed separately according to the postoperative pathological diagnosis. The χ 2 test was performed by the SPSS 25.0 software on count data, and the test standard α=0.05. Results:A total of 32 histopathological types were identified in the enrolled PEMT patients, of which 10 subtypes were not included in the WHO classification. According to the frequency, PEMT were divided into common (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC, accounting for 97.1%), rare (esophageal adenocarcinoma, EAC, accounting for 2.3%) and sparse (mainly esophageal small cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, etc., accounting for 0.6%). All the common, rare, and sparse types occurred predominantly in male patients, and the gender difference of rare type was most significant (EAC, male∶ female, 2.67∶1), followed with common type (ESCC, male∶ female, 1.78∶1) and sparse type (male∶ female, 1.71∶1). The common type (ESCC) mainly occurred in the middle thoracic segment (65.2%), while the rare type (EAC) mainly occurred in the lower thoracic segment (56.8%). Among the sparse type, malignant melanoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma were both predominantly located in the lower thoracic segment (51.7%, 66.7%), and the others were mainly in the middle thoracic segment.Conclusion:ESCC is the most common type among the 32 histopathological types of PEMT, followed by EAC as the rare type, and esophageal small cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma as the major sparse type, and all of which are mainly occur in male patients. The common type of ESCC mainly occur in the middle thoracic segment, while the rare type of EAC mainly in the lower thoracic segment. The mainly sparse type of malignant melanoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma predominately occur in the lower thoracic segment, and the remaining sparse types mainly occur in the middle thoracic segment.

Representative analysis of elderly subjects in clinical trials of prostate cancer drugs / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To analyze whether the sample of elderly subjects in clinical trials of prostate cancer drugs is representative.Methods:From the level of trial design, the age distribution of subjects in clinical trials of prostate cancer drugs for elderly patients from January 2019 to December 2021 was inquired on the platform of drug clinical trial registration and information disclosure.From the actual enrollment level, the prostate cancer drug clinical trials initiated and completed by a hospital from January 2010 to June 2022 were collected.The age information of subjects in all centers was collected for multicenter trials with a summary report, and the age data of subjects in the center was collected for trials without a summary report or single-center trials.The average age of prostate cancer onset and the incidence of prostate cancer in different age groups were compared with the Chinese Cancer Registry System, so as to compare whether the two were consistent.Results:Most of the trials(72.1%、44/61)did not set upper age limit at the protocol design level.Phase Ⅲ and phase Ⅳ trials did not set an upper age limit for enrolled subjects in the protocol.From the actual enrollment level, a total of 19 studies were included in this study, with 1 402 subjects, and the average age of subjects was 67.1±8.6 years old, which was significantly different from the average age of prostate cancer in China and Beijing(all P<0.001). The age group with the largest number of participants was 60-64 years old(34.2%、479/1 402). The population aged ≥75 years was the least(21.5%, 301/1 402), which was different from the high incidence age group of prostate cancer in China in 2017(421.77/100 000). Conclusions:Clinical trials of prostate cancer drugs are designed to cover all age groups of elderly patients, but the actual sample representation of the enrolled elderly subjects is insufficient.Under the premise of protecting the safety of subjects, the trial population who are matched for the average age of prostate cancer onset and the incidence of prostate cancer in age groups, should be gradually increased.

Gender differences in clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of rectal cancer patients under 50 years old / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To explore whether there are gender differences in clinical and pathological characteristics and prognosis of young patients with rectal cancer (under 50 years old), and to analyze the risk factors affecting the prognosis of young patients with rectal cancer.Methods:The medical records of 85 young rectal cancer patients admitted to Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively collected. According to gender, they were divided into male group ( n=50) and female group ( n=35). The age was (43.67±5.50) years old, ranging from 26 to 50 years old. Primary outcome measures were sex, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Secondary outcomes were family history, body mass index (BMI), clinical stage, anemia, whether the female patient was menopausal, whether the female patient took oral estrogen, the location of the primary lesion, whether neoadjuvant therapy was performed, pathological stage, whether accompanied with vascular nerve invasion, and whether postoperative adjuvant therapy was performed. R4.0.2 software was used for statistical analysis. The measurement data with normal distribution in the collected data were expressed as mean±standard deviation ( ± s), and the comparison between groups was analyzed by t test. Count data were expressed as constituent ratio, and analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. The survival curve was drawn by Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference in survival rate was tested by Log-rank test. Factors with statistical significance in univariate analysis were included in COX proportional regression model for multivariate analysis to screen independent risk factors affecting overall survival. Results:Compared with male patients, a higher proportion of young female patients with rectal cancer were diagnosed with anemia before surgery (42.9% vs 22.0%, P=0.040). The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 94.3%, 80.0% and 68.6% in young female patients, and 98.0%, 90.0% and 90.0% in young male patients, respectively. The median disease-free surival was 31.6 months for women and 34.4 months for men. Multivariate analysis showed that female( HR=3.799, 95% CI: 1.312-11.002, P=0.014)and BMI( HR=0.846, 95% CI: 0.724-0.989, P=0.036)were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of young patients with rectal cancer. Conclusions:Young female patients have a worse prognosis than male patients. Female and BMI are independent risk factors for the prognosis of young rectal cancer patients, and gender should be the key research object of observation in young rectal cancer patients.

High risk for psychiatric disorders in bipolar offspring. A four years prospective study / Riesgo elevado de trastornos psiquiátricos en hijos de padres con trastorno bipolar. Estudio prospectivo de cuatro años de duración

ABSTRACT Bipolar disorder (BD) has a large hereditary component. It is a disorder that begins in early adulthood, but about which it has been described a premorbid period preceding the onset of BD. During this herald expression psychiatric disorders and symptoms, such as depressive, manic, psychotic, anxious and others, may appear. Objective: To determine the psychopathological profile of a Bipolar Offspring (BO) group compared with the Community Control Offspring (CCO) group, and its evolution over time, including subthreshold symptoms and mental disorders. Methods: We conducted an observational mixed cohort study, with a prospective design. We included subjects from six to 30 years of age, from the region of Antioquia, Colombia. A total of 131 subjects from the risk group BO and 150 subjects from the CCO group were evaluated through validated psychiatric diagnostic interviews (K-SADS-PL and DIGS) at baseline and at 4 years follow up. All interviews were carried out by a staff blind to parent diagnoses. Follow-up assessment were complete in 72% of the offspring. Forty-two subjects were excluded as they surpassed the age of 30 years, and only 46 subjects were not followed (change of address or did not consent to participate). Results: Compared with the CCO group, the BO group had a higher frequency of affective disorder, psychotic disorder, externalizing disorders and use of the psychoactive substances during both assessments at time 1 and 2. The magnitude of the differences between the groups increased when they reach time 2. The BO group had a greater risk for presenting subthreshold symptoms and definitive psychiatric disorders, such as affective disorders, psychotic disorders and externalizing disorders. In addition, the BO group had a younger age of onset for psychoactive substances consumption. Conclusion: During the follow-up period, the BO group had a higher risk of presenting mental disorders compared with the CCO group. The most relevant symptoms and disorders that could precede the onset of BD were depressive, bipolar not otherwise specified, psychotic and substance use.

RESUMEN El trastorno bipolar (TB) tiene un gran componente hereditario. Es un trastorno que comienza en la edad adulta temprana, pero acerca del cual se ha descrito un período premórbido que precede al inicio de TB. Durante esta expresión heraldo, pueden aparecer trastornos y síntomas psiquiátricos, como depresivos, maníacos, psicóticos, ansiosos y otros. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil psicopatológico de un grupo de hijos de padres con TB (BO) en comparación con el grupo de hijos de padres control de la misma comunidad (CCO), y su evolución en el tiempo. Los síntomas subumbrales y los trastornos mentales serán incluidos. Métodos: Nosotros llevamos a cabo un estudio observacional mixto de cohorte, con diseño prospectivo. Incluimos sujetos de seis a 30 anos de edad, de la región de Antioquia, Colombia. Un total de 131 sujetos del grupo de riesgo BO y 150 sujetos del grupo CCO fueron evaluados a través de entrevistas de diagnóstico psiquiátricas validadas (K-SADS-PL y DIGS), al inicio yalos4anos de seguimiento. Todas las entrevistas se llevaron a cabo por personal ciego a los diagnósticos de los padres. La evaluación de seguimiento se completó en el 72% de la descendencia. Cuarenta y dos sujetos fueron excluidos ya que superaron la edad de 30 anos, y solo 46 sujetos no fueron seguidos (cambio de dirección o no dieron su consentimiento para participar). Resultados: En comparación con el grupo CCO, el grupo BO tuvo una mayor frecuencia de trastorno afectivo, el trastorno psicótico, los trastornos de externalización y el uso de las sustancias psicoactivas durante ambas evaluaciones en los tiempos 1 y 2. La magnitud de las diferencias entre los grupos aumentó cuando alcanzaron el tiempo 2. El grupo BO tuvo un mayor riesgo de presentar síntomas subumbrales y trastornos psiquiátricos definitivos, tales como trastornos afectivos, trastornos psicóticos y trastornos de externalización. Además, el grupo BO tuvo una edad de comienzo más baja para el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Conclusión: Durante el período de seguimiento, el grupo BO tuvo un mayor riesgo de presentar trastornos mentales en comparación con el grupo CCO. Los síntomas y trastornos más importantes que preceden al inicio del TB fueron: depresivo, bipolar no especificado de otra manera, psicóticos y el uso de sustancias.

Clinical features of atopic dermatitis and evaluation of its diagnostic criteria: a retrospective analysis of 165 inpatients with atopic dermatitis from 2000 to 2020 / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To analyze and summarize clinical characteristics of atopic dermatitis (AD) , and to discuss differences and consistency among the Williams′, Japanese and Chinese diagnostic criteria for AD.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 165 hospitalized patients with AD diagnosed according to the Williams′ criteria or the Chinese Zhang′s criteria in Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University from October 2000 to May 2020. Clinical data were re-evaluated according to the Williams′, Japanese and Chinese diagnostic criteria, and differences were analyzed among these criteria. Measurement data were compared by using t test, analysis of variance or rank sum test, and enumeration data were compared by using chi-square test or Fisher′s exact test. Results:Among the 165 patients, 66 (40.00%) developed AD before the age of 2 years; 95 (57.58%) had a personal and/or family history of atopic diseases, of whom 75 had a personal history of atopic diseases (mainly including allergic rhinitis [28.48%] and asthma[20.00%]) , 50 had a family history of atopic diseases, and 30 had both a personal and a family history of atopic diseases. A total of 98 patients (59.39%) were allergic to dust mites, including 48 with grade Ⅵ allergy. According to the total IgE level, 130 (78.79%) patients were diagnosed with exogenous AD, and 35 (21.21%) with endogenous AD. There were significant differences in the age at onset and blood eosinophil count between the patients with exogenous AD and those with endogenous AD (both P < 0.001) . After re-evaluation, 142 (86.06%) patients met the Williams′ criteria, 23 did not, and there was a significant difference in the age at onset between the two groups of patients ( P = 0.007) ; 150 (90.91%) patients met the Chinese Zhang′s criteria, 15 did not, and there was a significant difference in blood eosinophil counts between the two groups of patients ( P = 0.001) ; 160 (96.97%) patients met the Chinese Yao′s criteria; all patients met the Japanese criteria. There were no significant differences in the age at onset, total IgE level or blood eosinophil counts among patients meeting the Williams′ criteria, meeting the Japanese criteria, meeting the Zhang′s criteria, and those meeting the Yao′s criteria (all P > 0.05) . Conclusion:Patients with early-onset AD were prone to develop the highest-grade dust mite allergy; patients with exogenous AD were characterized by lower age at onset and higher eosinophil counts compared with those with endogenous AD; patients who met the Williams′ criteria showed lower age at onset than those who did not, while patients who met the Chinese Zhang′s criteria showed higher eosinophil counts than those who did not.

Epidemiological analysis on pneumoconiosis cases in Liuzhou from 2006 to 2018 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of pneumoconiosis through analyzing the data of pneumoconiosis cases in Liuzhou from 2006 to 2018, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis in Liuzhou. Methods The information of pneumoconiosis cases in Liuzhou was collected through the “health hazard factors monitoring information system”, a subsystem of China's disease prevention and control system, and the epidemiological characteristics of pneumoconiosis were statistically analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results A total of 160 cases of pneumoconiosis was collected, mainly stage I silicosis, accounting for 70.0% of total cases (n=112). Most of the cases were from the metal smelting and rolling industry, accounting for 82.5% of total cases (n=132). The occupation of patients was mainly smelting and auxiliary work, sintering, and mining, accounting for 23.13% (n=37), 27.50% (n=44) and 18.13% (n=29) of the total number of pneumoconiosis cases, respectively. Among them, 83.75% (n=134) were from large-scale enterprises. Most of the pneumoconiosis cases had 15 to 35 years of dust exposure, with an average dust exposure of 23.78±10.36 years. The age of onset was mainly concentrated in 45 to 60 years old, and the average age of onset was 55.61±10.28 years. Conclusion The cases of pneumoconiosis in Liuzhou existed in sporadic form in recent years, and the cases were mainly concentrated in large metal smelting enterprises, with smelting and auxiliary workers and sintering workers being the most serious. It is necessary to strengthen the occupational health management of large metal smelting enterprises to effectively prevent and control the occurrence of pneumoconiosis.

Difference in clinical characteristics of patients with primary Sj?gren's syndrome by gender and age of disease onset / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical characteristics of patients with primary Sj?gren's syndrome (pSS) by gender and age of disease onset.Methods:Clinical data of hospitalized patients with pSS in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from March 2014 to August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into different groups according to their genders and ages of disease onset (young grong <30 years, middle-age group 30-59 years, elderly group ≥60 years). Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare data in subgroups, and logistic regression was performed to analyze data after control covariates. Results:Five hundred and forty one patients with pSS were included in this study and 481 of them were women (88.9%) Women had higher ratio than men in dry mouth [ OR (95% CI) =2.172(1.091, 4.323), P=0.027], dry eyes [ OR(95% CI)=2.179(1.062, 4.469), P=0.034], leukocytopenia [ OR(95% CI)=3.789(1.150, 12.482), P=0.029], ANA titer≥1∶160 [ OR(95% CI)=2.233(1.279, 3.898), P<0.01], positive anti-SSA [ OR(95% CI)=2.919(1.644, 5.183), P<0.01], positive anti-Ro52 [ OR(95% CI)=3.018(1.685, 5.405), P<0.01], while men had higher ratio than women in parotid enlargement [ OR(95% CI)=2.345(1.281, 4.325), P<0.01], and interstitial lung disease (ILD) [ OR(95% CI)=2.593(1.460, 4.606), P<0.01]. Compared with patients in young group, patients in middles age group had higher ratio in dental caries [ OR(95% CI)=5.940(2.230, 15.819), P<0.01], xero-phthalmia [ OR(95% CI)=2.904(1.313, 6.425), P<0.01], arthralgia [ OR(95% CI)=1.959(1.039, 3.694), P=0.038] and ILD [ OR(95% CI)=2.247(1.018, 4.959), P=0.045], but lower ratio in renal involvement [ OR(95% CI)=0.402(0.211, 0.766), P<0.01]; patients in elderly group had higher ratio in dental caries [ OR(95% CI)=7.437(2.441, 22.656), P<0.01], xerophthalmia [ OR(95% CI)=6.084(1.901, 19.468), P<0.01], and ILD [ OR(95% CI)=4.857(2.029,11.627), P<0.01]. Compared with patients in elderly group, patients in young group had higher positive rate in anti-SSA [ OR(95% CI)=2.836(1.245, 6.459), P=0.013], anti-SSB [ OR(95% CI)=3.075(1.413, 6.690), P<0.01], rheumatoid factors (RF) [ OR(95% CI)=3.323(1.620, 6.817), P<0.01] and elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG)[ OR(95% CI)=3.567(1.747, 7.284), P<0.01]; patients in middle age group had higher positive rate in anti-SSB[ OR(95% CI)=2.330(1.315, 4.130), P<0.01], RF [ OR(95% CI)=2.026(1.279, 3.208), P<0.01], and elevated IgG [ OR(95% CI)=2.077(1.297, 3.327), P<0.01]. Conclusion:Women with pSS present a higher ratio in dry mouth, dry eyes, leukocytopenia and positive autoantibodies than men, while parotid enlargement and ILD are more common in men than women. Young patients are prone to renal involvement, middle-aged patients are prone to arthralgia, while elderly patients are prone to dental caries and xerophthalmia. With the growth of age, the positive rates of autoantibodies and elevated IgG are decreased gradually in patients with pSS, but the ratios of dental caries, xerophthalmia and ILD is increased gradually.

Disability and socio-occupational functioning in persons with schizophrenia

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness which severely affects the functioning of individuals in their daily life. Functional disability in chronic illness is one of the major concerns for mental health professionals. The study aims to assess the disability of persons with schizophrenia and its relationship with age of onset, total duration of illness, and socio-occupational functioning. Methods and materials: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Sixty persons with schizophrenia were selected using simple random sampling from the outpatient department (OPD). Written informed consent was taken from the participants who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Clarifications were made regarding the basic purpose of the study before administration of tools. The study was undertaken with the permission of the Scientific Advisory and Institute Ethics committees. Sociodemographic datasheet, the revised Kuppuswamy scale, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS), and the Social Occupational Functioning Scale (SOFS) were administered. Collected data were analysed using the software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] 25.0) using the statistical methods of mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage, and Pearson correlation. Results: The findings showed that most of the respondents (71.7%) were having moderate level of disability and moderate impairment (40%) in socio-occupational functioning. The global score of disability has a significant positive correlation with total duration of illness (r=0.255, p<0.05) and negative correlation with age of onset of illness (r=-0.075), and there is significant positive correlation (r=0.829, p<0.01) between socio-occupational functioning and global disability. Conclusion: Disability has an impact on socio-occupational functioning in persons with schizophrenia. A higher level of disability can lead to higher level of impairment.

Rigidez arterial, hipertensão arterial e idade: associação com declínio do desempenho cognitivo após 4 anos de seguimento em participantes do ELSA-Brasil / Arterial stiffness, arterial hypertension and age: association with decline in cognitive performance after 4 years of follow-up in ELSA-Brasil participants

Nas últimas décadas, um número crescente de evidências destacou a importante contribuição dos fatores de risco vasculares para o declínio cognitivo acelerado e demências, incluindo a doença de Alzheimer. Apesar dos grandes progressos nesse campo de estudo, as evidências sobre o papel da rigidez arterial e da hipertensão na cognição não é conclusivo. O objetivo desta tese foi verificar se a rigidez arterial, a idade e a hipertensão arterial sistêmica estão associadas à diminuição do desempenho em testes de função cognitiva em adultos de meia idade e idosos após cerca de quatro anos de seguimento. Foram utilizados dados da linha de base (onda 1: 2008-2010) e do primeiro acompanhamento (onda 2: 2012-2014) do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). No primeiro artigo, utilizando modelos lineares de efeitos mistos, foi investigado se a rigidez aórtica, medida pela velocidade da onda de pulso carotídeo-femoral (VOP-cf) e a idade na linha de base, estariam associados ao declínio no desempenho cognitivo avaliado por três testes cognitivos (Teste de Memória, Teste de Fluência Verbal Fonêmica e Semântica e Teste de Trilhas B), aplicados nas duas visitas da coorte. Encontramos que a rigidez aórtica foi associada de forma independente da pressão arterial sistólica e da idade ao declínio mais rápido em duas habilidades cognitivas, memória e fluência. Entretanto, o declínio no Teste de Memória foi restrito aos participantes com altos valores de VOP-cf na linha de base. A idade também foi associada ao declínio mais rápido no desempenho de todos os testes cognitivo avaliados entre as ondas. No entanto, apenas os participantes mais velhos apresentaram uma trajetória de desempenho descendente nos Testes de Memória e Trilha B. No segundo artigo, por meio de regressão linear de efeitos mistos, foi investigado se a exposição à hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e a pré-hipertensão estariam associados ao declínio no desempenho do escore cognitivo global (avaliado pelo fator g) e em Teste de Memória, Fluência Verbal Fonêmica e Semântica e Trilhas B, todos analisados como escores padronizados. Também foi investigado se a HAS diagnosticada na meia idade, o tempo de exposição a HAS e o status de tratamento e de controle da HAS na linha de base da coorte estariam associados ao declínio cognitivo mais acelerado entre visita. Encontramos que tanto a exposições à HAS quanto à Pré-HAS na linha de base foram associadas ao declínio no desempenho cognitivo, avaliado pelo escore cognitivo global (fator g). A HAS também foi associada à redução nos escores padronizados dos Testes de Memória e Fluência Verbal, enquanto a Pré-HAS permaneceu longitudinalmente associada apenas à redução no escore padronizado do Teste de Fluência Verbal. Não encontramos evidências de que a exposição à HAS na meia idade estivesse associada ao declínio cognitivo, somente a exposição à HAS na idade mais velha permaneceu associada a redução do escore cognitivo global e do Teste de Memória. Também não identificamos que maior tempo de exposição à HAS estivessem associadas ao declínio cognitivo relacionado à idade. O status de tratamento da HAS não foi associado a alterações nos escores padronizados dos testes cognitivos avaliado, mas a HAS não controlada quando comparada a controlada foi associada ao declínio mais acelerado no escore cognitivo global e no Teste de Memória. Nenhuma das variáveis de HAS analisadas foram associadas a alterações nos escores padronizados do Teste de trilhas B. O aumento da rigidez aórtica, a exposição à HAS, a pré-HAS e a HAS de início tardio foram associadas à uma pior trajetória longitudinal no desempenho cognitivo global e em diferentes habilidades cognitivas. Embora a magnitude dos efeitos seja pequena, é notável detectar o impacto direto desses fatores no declínio cognitivo relacionado à idade, uma vez que, avaliamos uma população altamente instruída e com idade relativamente jovem em um curto intervalo de tempo. Os resultados reforçam a importância de estudar a função cognitiva na meia-idade, com vistas a identificar precocemente indivíduos em maior risco de declínio, assim como, fatores de risco que podem potencialmente acelerar o processo de envelhecimento cognitivo e impactar negativamente na função cognitiva ao longo do tempo.

In recent decades, increasing evidence has highlighted the critical contribution of vascular risk factors to the risk of accelerated cognitive decline and dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Despite significant progress in this field of study, how to reduce the role of arterial stiffness and hypertension in cognition is not conclusive. This thesis aimed to verify whether arterial stiffness, age, and systemic arterial hypertension are associated with decreased performance on cognitive function tests in middle-aged and elderly adults after approximately four years of follow-up. We used data from baseline (wave 1: 2008-2010), and the first follow - up (wave 2: 2012-2014) Study of Adult Health Longitudinal (ELSA-Brazil). In the first paper, using mixed effects linear models, we investigated whether aortic stiffness, measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and age at baseline, were associated with the decline in three cognitive tests (Memory Test, Phonemic and Semantic Verbal Fluency Test, and Trail B Test), applied at both cohort visits. We found that aortic stiffness was independently associated with systolic blood pressure and age with the fastest decline in two cognitive skills, memory and fluency. However, the decrease in the Memory Test was restricted to participants with high baseline cf-PWV values. Age was also associated with the faster decline in the performance of all cognitive tests evaluated between waves. Still, only older participants showed a downward performance trajectory on Memory and Trail B tests. In the second paper, using mixed effects linear regression was investigated whether exposure to hypertension and prehypertension would be associated with the decline in the performance global cognitive score (assessed by the g factor) and Memory, Verbal Fluency Phonemic and Semantics and Trail B Tests. It was also investigated whether hypertension diagnosed in middle age, the time of exposure to hypertension and the treatment and control status of hypertension at the baseline of the cohort were associated with more accelerated cognitive decline between visits. We found that exposure to hypertension and prehypertension at baseline were associated with a decrease in cognitive performance assessed by the global cognitive score (g factor). Hypertension was also associated with a reduction in the standardized Memory and Verbal Fluency tests scores, whereas prehypertension remained longitudinally associated only with a decrease in the standardized Verbal Fluency Test score. We found no evidence that exposure to hypertension in middle age was associated with cognitive decline; only exposure to hypertension in older age remained associated with a reduction in the global cognitive score and the Memory Test. We also did not identify that longer exposure to hypertension was associated with age-related cognitive decline. The treatment status of hypertension was not associated with changes in the standardized scores of the assessed cognitive tests, but uncontrolled hypertension when compared to controlled hypertension was associated with the more accelerated decline in the global cognitive score and the Memory Test. None of the hypertension variables analyzed were associated with changes in the standardized scores of the Trail B test. The increase in aortic stiffness, exposure to hypertension, prehypertension and late-onset hypertension were associated with a worse longitudinal trajectory in global cognitive performance at different cognitive abilities. Although the magnitude of the effects is small, it is noteworthy to detect the direct impact of these factors on age-related cognitive decline, since we evaluated a highly educated and relatively young age population over a short time. The results reinforce the importance of studying cognitive function in middle-aged, in order to identify early individuals at higher risk of decline, as well as risk factors that can potentially accelerate the cognitive aging process and negatively impact cognitive function over time.

Analysis of special histopathological characteristics of 1011 cases of melanocytic nevi / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To analyze special histopathological characteristics of melanocytic nevi and their associations with age,gender,anatomical locations and pathological subtypes.Methods Clinical and histopathological data were collected from 1 011 patients with melanocytic nevi,who visited Beijing Hospital from January 2005 to January 2019,and analyzed retrospectively.Statistical analysis was carried out by using chi-square test for comparing enumeration data,and t test for comparing measurement data.Results Among the 1 011 patients with melanocytic nevi,the age at the clinic visit was 40.90 + 19.19years,and there were 289 males and 722 females.Lesional (biopsy) sites included the trunk (402 cases,39.8％),face and neck (268 cases,26.5％),extremities (138 cases,13.6％),hands and feet (133 cases,13.2％),scalp (53 cases,5.2％) and vulva (17 cases,1.7％).Pathological subtypes included intradermal nevus (580 cases,57.4％),compound nevus (333 cases,32.9％) and junctional nevus (98 cases,9.7％).Among special histopathological characteristics,neuralization and adipose cell hyperplasia were observed in 172 (17.0％) and 155 (15.3％) cases respectively,and the prevalence of neuralization and adipose cell hyperplasia was significantly higher in female patients than in male patients,higher in elderly patients than in young patients,and higher on the scalp than on the other sites (all P ＜ 0.05);vascular proliferation was observed in 313 (31.0％) cases,and more commonly occurred on the scalp than on the other sites (P＜0.05);nevus cells distributed along the hair follicles/sebaceous glands were observed in 502 (49.7％)cases,and more commonly seen on the face and neck than on the other sites (P ＜ 0.05);nevus cell lysis occurred in 203 (20.1％) cases,and fissures were observed in 384 (38.0％).All the above histopathological characteristics were more frequently observed in the intradermal nevus subtype than in the compound nevus subtype (all P＜0.05).Nevus cells distributed along the blood vessels were observed in 20 (2.0％) cases,and more commonly seen on the extremities than on the trunk,hands and feet (P ＜ 0.05),as well as in the compound nevus subtype than in the intradermal nevus subtype (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There are many special histopathological characteristics in melanocytic nevi,such as neuralization,adipose cell hyperplasia,vascular proliferation,and nevus cells distributed along the hair follicles/sebaceous glands,which are associated with patients' age,gender,lesional locations and histopathological subtypes.

Very-late Onset Mania Episode: Case Report and Review of Cases Over 75 Years of Age

Introduction: Bipolar I disorder typically characterized bycycles of depression and mania. Onset after the age of 75 yearsis very rare and the reported incidence of mania is 2/100000,which most often occur due to secondary organic aetiology.Here we are presenting a review and an interesting case oflate-onset first episode mania while evaluating and excludingall other secondary causes of mania.Case Report: 79-year-old male presented with 2 weeks’duration of illness and symptoms was suggestive of a manicepisode. The patient was thoroughly assessed with laboratoryinvestigations and non-contrast computerised tomography(NCCT) brain to find any secondary causes of mania butnothing was significant. Finally, as per tenth revision of theInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)diagnosis of first episode Mania without psychotic symptoms(F30.1) was made. He was started on Valproate which wasgradually increased up to 750 mg/day and olanzapine 5mg.After 6 weeks, the YMRS score decreased from 32 to 8 and heachieved his premorbid functioning level.Conclusion: This case highlights that primary psychiatryillness can occur at any age but in the geriatric populationbefore finalizing the diagnosis all other secondary causesshould be ruled out. There is a high need for systematicresearch in this area to formulate effective managementguidelines in the geriatric population.

Cognitive function in patients with early onset and adult onset schizophrenia / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the characteristics of cognitive function in patients with early onset and adult onset schizophrenia.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 546 patients with schizophrenia who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ) were selected.Among them, 62 cases were defined as early onset schizophrenia (EOS, age of onset＜18 years) and 175 patients were defined as adult onset schizophrenia (AOS, age of onset≥25 years).Patients underwent clinical assessments with the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS) and the Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP), and comprehensive neuropsychological assessments.Results:The EOS patients got lower scores in motor function-PEGDOM T score [ (26±12) vs. (30±11), P＜0.01], working memory-average T score of PASAT and WMSSP[ (34±12) vs. (38±10), P＜0.05]and executive function (inhibition) -Stroop T score [ (35±12) vs. (39±10), P＜0.05]than AOS patients.No differences were fund in processing speed, verbal memory and learning, visual memory and learning (Ps＞0.05) between the two groups.Conclusion:It suggests that the EOS patients have worse motor function, working memory and inhibition.

Comparative Analysis of Outcomes and Clinicopathological Characteristics of Synchronous and Metachronous Contralateral Breast Cancer: A Study of the SEER Database / 한국유방암학회지

PURPOSE: Numerous previous studies have reported inconsistent results about the differences between synchronous contralateral breast cancer (sCBC) and metachronous contralateral breast cancer (mCBC). This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes between sCBC and mCBC and determine predictive factors for the survival of sCBC and mCBC patients. METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program database, we identified sCBC or mCBC patients from 2000 to 2010. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to analyze overall survival and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) rates of sCBCs and mCBCs, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 14,057 sCBC (n = 8,139, 57.9%) and mCBC (n = 5,918, 42.1%) patients were included. The first tumors of sCBC were more likely to have higher stage and more lymph and distant metastases, whereas those of mCBC were more often infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC), had localized stage, were estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) negative, and had less axillary nodal involvement. The second tumors of mCBC tended to be IDC and have higher grade, adverse stage, ER and PR-negativity; and more axillary nodal involvement, compared to the second tumors of sCBC. mCBC patients had significantly favorable 5-year BCSS but worse long-term BCSS compared with sCBC patients. Moreover, subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference of BCSS between sCBC and mCBC among patients aged 18–60 years. Multivariate analysis indicated that age, grade, and stage of 2 tumors; surgery for second tumor; and ER status of the second tumor were independent prognostic factors for BCSS of contralateral breast cancer (CBC). CONCLUSION: The characteristics and outcomes of sCBCs and mCBCs were substantially different. sCBC and mCBC patients may have different prognosis, and the prognosis of CBC depends on the first and second tumors.

Comparative Study of Clinical Features between Early- and Late-Onset Schizophrenia in South Korea / 대한정신분열병학회지

OBJECTIVES: Late-onset schizophrenia (LOS, age at first onset ≥40 years) is characterized by including predominance of women, better premorbid social adjustment and lower severity of positive/negative symptoms. However, few studies have been conducted on LOS, especially in Asian countries. This study aimed to examine the clinical features of LOS in comparison with early-onset schizophrenia (EOS). METHODS: By retrospectively reviewing medical records, we assessed demographic data and clinical features of 76 LOS (20 males) and 357 EOS (144 males) who admitted to the psychiatric ward of a general hospital. RESULTS: The mean ages of onset were 47.3±5.1 (LOS) and 25.7±6.5 (EOS) years. There were significantly more women in LOS (73.7%) than EOS (59.6%). Significantly more LOS patients had a marital (88.2% vs. 25.8%) and employment history (28.9% vs. 13.1%) than EOS. Patients with LOS had fewer negative (14.3±9.0 vs. 19.9±9.3), general psychopathology score (36.9±11.1 vs. 42.3±13.9) than EOS patients. CONCLUSION: In line with previous studies, this study demonstrated that LOS patients have better premorbid social adjustment. Our finding also replicates previous findings that LOS patients differ from EOS in predominance of women and relative lack of negative symptoms. These results suggest that LOS may be a distinct subtype of schizophrenia.

Genotype-phenotype correlations in pediatric patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 / 소아과

PURPOSE: Myotonic dystrophy, also known as dystrophia myotonica (DM), is an autosomal dominant disorder with 2 genetically distinct forms. DM type 1 (DM1) is the more common form and is caused by abnormal expansion of cytosine/thymine/guanine (CTG) repeats in the DM protein kinase (DMPK) gene. Our study aimed to determine whether the age of onset is correlated with CTG repeat length in a population of pediatric patients with DM1. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 30 pediatric patients with DM1 that underwent DMPK testing, of which the clinical data of 17 was sufficient. The cohort was divided into 2 subgroups based on the clinical phenotype (congenital-onset vs. late-onset) and number of CTG repeats ( < 1,000 vs. ≥1,000). RESULTS: We found no significant difference between the age of onset and CTG repeat length in our pediatric patient population. Based on clinical subgrouping, we found that the congenital-onset subgroup was statistically different with respect to several variables, including prematurity, rate of admission to neonatal intensive care unit, need for respiratory support at birth, hypotonia, dysphagia, ventilator dependence, and functional status on last visit, compared to the late-onset subgroup. Based on genetic subgrouping, we found a single variable (poor feeding in neonate) that was significantly different in the large CTG subgroup than that in the small CTG subgroup. CONCLUSION: Clinical variables exhibiting statistically significant differences between the subgroups should be focused on prognosis and designing tailored management approaches for the patients; our findings will contribute to achieve this important goal for treating patients with DM1.

Analysis of clinical characteristics and surgical results in patients with chronic subdural hematoma in different ages / 中国医师杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical characteristics and surgical results of patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) in different age groups.@*Methods@#150 CSDH patients admitted to our hospital from January 2014 to January 2019 were selected as the research objects, and their clinical data were reviewed and collected. According to different age , they were divided into three groups: the <55 year old group (n=46), the 55-70 year old group (n=62), and the >70 year old group (n=42). The imaging examination results and clinical manifestations of three groups of patients in different age groups were compared. Combined with patients' wishes and surgical indications, 150 patients were treated with traditional burr hole and drainage and modified operation. The results of different operation methods in three groups were compared.@*Results@#The incidence of headache/dizziness in the 55-70 year old group was higher than that in >70 year old group (P<0.05). The incidence of language disorder in the 55-70 year old group and >70 year old group was higher than that in <55 year old group , with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The incidence of limb paralysis in the 55-70 year old group and the >70 year old group was higher than that in <55 years old group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The incidence of mental disorders in the >70 year old group was higher than that in 55-70 year old group and <55 year old group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The incidence of fecal incontinence in the >70 year old group was higher than that in 55-70 year old group and <55 years old group, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The imaging examination results of the three groups showed significant differences (P<0.05). According to the estimation of the amount of hematoma by the Dutian (DOTA) formula, the amount of hematoma in the group of >70 years old was significantly higher than that in the group of <55 years old and 55-70 years old, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Among the three groups, the proportion of patients with good prognosis after modified operation was higher than that of traditional operation, and the recurrence rate was lower than that of traditional operation, with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of good prognosis and recurrence rate in group >70 years old were lower than those in the group of <55 years old and 55-70 years old (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#CSDH patients of different ages have different characteristics in imaging examination results and clinical manifestations. Traditional burr hole drainage and modified operation can achieve certain results, but modified operation is more effective and can reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, which is worth popularizing.